Comparison I

Hi everybody!
Do you remember how to make comparative adjectives????
Here I am to help you remember with these rules and examples:

-er is added to the end of a 1-syllable adjective	cold - colder than   small - smaller than   tall - taller than	Winter is usually colder than summer.   The green hat is smaller than the yellow one.
more is used for words that have 2 syllables, if the word doesn't end in -y.     if they end by -y it changes to -i and we add -er	honest more honest than modern more modern than easy easier	Chinese is more difficult than English. Catalan is easier than German
more is used for words that have 3 or more syllables	expensive more expensive than comfortable more comfortable than
adjectives that end in -e, only -r is added to end of the adjective	nice -nicer than   safe -safer than
adjective that end in a consonant, vowel, consonant - the last consonant is doubled	big -bigger than   fat- fatter than   hot -hotter than	My house is bigger than my sister's. Summer in Spain is hotter than winter.

and don't forget the irregular ones:  

good          better than 

bad            worse than

adjective comparison practice on-line

CONNECTORS (addition & contrast)

ADDITION

Type of Connector	Connector(s)	Examples
Coordinating Conjunction	and	High level positions are stressful at times, and can be harmful to your health.
Conjunctive adverbs	in addition,  furthermore, moreover, also, besides, also, too	High level positions are stressful at times; furthermore, they can be harmful to your health
Correlative conjunctions	not only...but also	Not only are high level positions stressful at times, but they also can be harmful to your health.
Prepositional phrases	in addition to, as well as	Als weel as being stressful, high level positions can also be harmful to your health.

CONTRAST

Type of Connector	Connector(s)	Examples
Coordinating conjunction	but, however, nevertheless	High level positions are stressful at times, but the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
Subordinating conjunctions	whereas, while	While high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
Conjunctive adverbs	in contrast, on the one hand, on the other hand even though, though, although,	High level positions are stressful at times; on the other hand, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.Even though high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
Prepositions	despite, in spite of	In spite of the stress high level positions may cause, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.

Phonemic Symbols

Why use phonemic symbols?

The alphabet we use to write English has 26 letters but English has 44 sounds. Inevitably, English spelling is not a reliable guide to pronunciation because:

1. Some letters have more than one sound. "O in Nose, Hot, Ton and For"
2. Sometimes letters are not pronounced at all. "Knife"
3. The same sound may be represented by different letters. "Eye, Tie, and Pine"
4. Sometimes syllables indicated by the spelling are not pronounced at all. "Vegetable, chocolate and clothes"

The letters of the alphabet can be a poor guide to pronunciation. Phonemic symbols, in contrast, are a totally reliable guide. Each symbol represents one sound consistently.

Do I need to have a perfect English accent?

Not at all. It is true that the 44 phonemes in British English are based on Received Pronunciation, an accent which is not frequently heard nowadays (approximately 7% of the current British population speak it and often it is called colloquially 'The Queen's English').

Most native-speaker teachers do not have this accent but still use phonemic symbols. When the symbols are arranged in a chart, each one occupies a box. This indicates that the real sound that you actually hear can vary up to certain limits, depending on the influence of other sounds and on individual ways of speaking. There is not just one perfect way to say each sound - there is an acceptable range of pronunciations. Think of the pieces in a game of chess. They can vary considerably in size, shape and appearance but we can always recognize a knight because it behaves like a knight and not like a king. The point is that such words such as 'ship', 'sheep', 'sip' and 'seep' should sound different from each other, not that each sound is pronounced exactly like the sounds of RP. Learning phonemic symbols will help students to understand the importance of length and voicing. Simply knowing that the symbol : indicates a long sound can be very helpful. There is no end to our study of grammar and vocabulary but phonemic symbols are limited, visual and physical. They may seem challenging at first but it is like learning to swim or ride a bike. Once you do it, it is easy and you never forget.

What students need to learn:

Students need to be understood and to be able to say what they want to say. Their pronunciation should be at least adequate for that purpose. They need to know the various sounds that occur in the language and differentiate between them. They should be able to apply certain rules, eg. past tense endings, t, d or id.

Likewise, a knowledge of correct rhythm and stress and appropriate intonation is essential.

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